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Protocols & Privacy Technology

VPN and proxy protocols compared in detail: OpenVPN, WireGuard, Shadowsocks, VLESS, REALITY, Xray, sing-box, and the cryptography underneath them.

5 articles

Hysteria logo, written with a stylized H letter design formed by two lightning bolts
01

What Is Hysteria2?

Hysteria2 is a QUIC-based proxy built for lossy links. What its congestion control, HTTP/3 masquerade and obfuscation buy, and where each one stops.

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Abstract art showing a net of light connecting nodes
02

What Is a VPN Protocol?

A VPN protocol is a specification for a tunnel. Here is what the main ones actually decide, how they differ, and why the choice is a censorship question.

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Photo mimicking the classic scene from The Matrix movie, with one hand offering a red pill and another offering a blue pill
03

What Is REALITY?

REALITY replaces a proxy server's TLS with a real site's handshake, so a prober gets a genuine certificate. How it works, and what it does not solve.

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White blackground with cyan text with the text VLESS
04

What Is VLESS?

VLESS is a stateless proxy protocol that does almost nothing on purpose. It hands all encryption to the transport carrying it, which is why it looks like nothing at all.

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Wireguard logo: red background with a white coiled dragon
05

What Is WireGuard?

WireGuard is a layer-3 tunnel over UDP with a deliberately tiny codebase and a fixed set of cryptographic primitives. Small, fast, auditable, and not built for censorship.

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